Jornal Do Brasilia - Amid Trump trade tensions, WTO remains crippled arbiter

Having returned to the White House, Trump has imposed a 10 percent tariff hike on Chinese goods, with Beijing immediately retaliating with tariffs on US imports of energy, cars and machinery parts.

China said Tuesday that it would file a complaint with the WTO over the "malicious" US levies -- but that move is likely to hit a dead end, unless Beijing and Washington resolve the spat of their own accord.

- Obama, Trump, Biden roadblock -

The WTO was founded in 1995 as a successor to GATT, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade dating back to 1948.

The process for resolving a dispute at the Geneva-based global trade body goes through several stages.

When a complaint is brought, consultations are initiated between the members at odds with each other.

If no agreement is reached, the complainant can request the establishment of a special panel, made up of three to five experts. Countries can appeal against the panel's ruling.

But the WTO's Appellate Body, composed of seven specialists in international law and trade, has not been able to handle any new cases since December 2019: its seats remain empty due to the United States blocking nominations.

This practice began under US president Barack Obama, continued throughout Trump's first term, and carried on under his successor Joe Biden.

Washington accuses the Appellate Body of over-interpreting international trade rules and not respecting WTO deadlines for completing cases.

The United States also insists the body's decisions must not encroach on "national security".

In 2022, the WTO's members decided to hold discussions aimed at having a fully operational system up and running by 2024 -- but no agreement has yet been reached.

In the meantime, a number of WTO members, including the European Union and China, have developed an alternative appellate process allowing some cases move forward.

Among those cases is a spat between Brussels and Colombia over Bogota's anti-dumping duties on imports of frozen fries from three EU nations.

But the United States has not signed up.

So while this temporary system works well for the participating countries, it does not prevent other WTO members from continuing to file appeals to the moribund Appellate Body -- effectively leaving the cases in limbo.

- Into the void -

Currently, 32 dispute panel rulings "have been appealed into the void", according to the WTO.

As a result, the decisions of the agency's Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) do not apply because the appeal is up in the air.

Of these 32 appeals, two were filed by the United States -- against China and Turkey -- and 11 were filed against the United States, including three by China, two by Canada and two by Turkey.

And although the Appellate Body is not functioning, a number of countries are continuing to launch initial complaints, as China has now done.

The last time Washington brought a dispute in the first instance was in July 2019, in an agricultural spat with India. The two countries have since reached an agreement.

When a country is rebuked by the dispute settlement body, it must implement the experts' recommendations within a so-called reasonable timeframe set by the DSB. Sanctions can be imposed if the country does not fulfil its obligations.

X. Teixeira--JDB